ABSTRACT
This chapter talks about several ways to read a word one can decipher it letter by letter, can divide the word into letter sequences and relate each sequence to a sound and can recognise the word as a distinctive visual pattern. When people wrote about the phonological route they made it clear, on the whole, that they were thinking of grapheme-phoneme correspondences. A great deal more interest has been shown in differences in the ways in which individual backward readers read and spell. Eleanor Boder claimed that some poor readers fall behind because of phonological difficulties, others because of visual difficulties, and still others because of a combination of these two kinds of problem. She called these three groups " dysphonetic readers", " dyseidetic readers", and " mixed readers". Mitterer gave a group of backward readers a series of tests which were meant to measure the children's dependence on phonological and visual codes.
