ABSTRACT
Between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the most commonly used techniques to analyze data when the intent of the research is to determine whether an independent variable (IV), typically in the form of qualitatively different treatment groups, causes variation in an outcome measure, the dependent variable (DV). Causal statements rest on the random assignment of subjects to the various treatment groups defining the levels of the IV. The broad area of ANOVA consists of significance tests to determine if a non-random relationship exists between IVs and DVs, multiple comparison procedures to investigate more thoroughly the nature of such a relationship, and measures of the strength of the relationship.
