ABSTRACT
In France itself there is a broad north/south division between langue cTo'il (langue d’ceil) and langue (Toe, or occitane; in some ways, the latter is closer to Catalan than it is to the northern dialects. Gascon in the south-west of the country is a markedly divergent occitan outlier. The sub-dialect of the Isle-deFrance, known as francien, is the basis for the modern literary standard.
