ABSTRACT
The first dimension of the typology is an orientation toward openness and broad
participation on one end and professional expertise and limited participation on the
other. Expressed organizationally, it is the difference between a production process lim-
ited to professionals within institutional organizations and one open to a networked,
loosely joined group consisting of both professionals and non-professionals. More
acutely, it addresses the practices’ relationship to the norms and practices of traditional
professional journalism, particularly the degree to which they are subordinated to the
specialized knowledge and institutionalized routines of traditional reporting. This ten-
sion between broad participation and professional control has been a defining one in
twenty-first-century journalism (Lewis 2012), though it is magnified at the intersection
between computing and journalism, as distributed participation is a fundamental
element of open-source practice (Lewis and Usher 2013).
