ABSTRACT
This chapter describes some of the most important resistance to regressive African National Congress (ANC) policies from organizations as diverse as the Treatment Action Campaign, the Treasure the Karoo Action Group, the South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement, and the FeesMustFall campaign. In all countries where the anti-fracking movement exists, it faces powerful profracking interests on the other side of the issue, but in South Africa it faces special challenges from the profracking elements within the ANC and its own relative isolation from ANC circles compared to some other South African social movements. The contradictory nature of contemporary South African social movements is well captured in the 2013 article by Patrick Bond and his colleagues of a think-tank that studies social movements at the University of KwaZuluNatal when they observe: The political dynamics of contemporary South Africa are rife with contradiction. The Unemployed Peoples' Movement is not the only township-based social movement with national prominence in South Africa.
