ABSTRACT
The Muslim population of Indonesia alone is equal to the combined Muslim population of Egypt and Iran, the largest countries of the so-called Muslim heartland of North Africa and the Middle East. In terms of percentage to the total population, Muslims constitute 97% of the total population of Pakistan, 82.9% of that of Bangladesh and 80% of that of Indonesia. The main difficulty in working to establish universal standards across cultural boundaries is the fact that each tradition has its own internal frame of reference and derives the validity of its precepts and norms from its own sources. Pakistan offers a wide variety of examples of human rights violations, and obstruction or hindrance to policies and action conducive to human rights, which are associated with that country’s apparent commitment to the implementation of Shari’a. The Supreme Court then faced the question whether there is conflict between the section and Muslim Personal Law, as contended by the husband and his supporters.
