ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 has spread around the world through contact with other people as a result of many behaviors, including hand shaking, embracing, and inhaling dust, among other actions, motions, and gestures. SARS-CoV-2 also impacts on the economy because many commercial companies and government-related organization have lost their distribution networks. The disease COVID-19, a serious human health issue, affects multiple organ systems and has many symptoms such as fatigue, dry cough, high fever, sore throat, sputum formation, respiratory distress, muscle, and joint weakness, and headache. For many viral strains to infect cells, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor-mediated cell entrance is necessary. Because older COVID-19 vaccinations and neutralizing antibody treatments aren’t as successful as they used to be, more current versions 510of the SARS-CoV-2 gene have proliferated. Variants are classified by separate lineages that differ in both binding affinities to the ACE-2 receptor and immune evasion through lower binding to neutralizing antibodies, according to the spike protein sequences. The emphasizes of this chapter is based on nanotechnology-based diagnostics, treatments, and preventative measurements of SARS-CoV-2. Nano-gold test kits and nano-polymers have been tried and used to stop SARS-CoV-2 from entering human bodies. Sensitive, inexpensive, and reliable measurements will be made possible by magnetic nanoparticle-based nucleic acid detectors, points-of-care biosensors, and fluid-based biosensors. Using nano-enabled drug delivery systems, viral entry into the host cell is inhibited, thereby preventing viral replication and combating cytokine-Storms. Nanoparticle-based vaccines against S and N proteins have been constructed and tested. These vaccines have undergone phase 3 clinical studies and were commonly administered through the parenteral method in several countries. High-performance charged Nano-fiber filters, nanomaterial used in PPE kits, and face masks have all been created and shown to successfully capture 90% of the airborne virus and are thereby very helpful for preventing viral penetration. Despite difficulties with regard to specificity, repeatability, and effectiveness, the potential for these materials to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is promising.
