ABSTRACT
The causal chain linking initial biochemical and physiological changes caused by pollutants to consequent effects at the level of population and above was described in the introduction to this book. Chapter 15 discussed this question in more detail and provided examples. Emphasis was given to the potential role of biomarker assays for sequentially measuring the magnitudes of such changes at different levels of biological organization, culminating in an assessment of harmful effects at the level of population and above. This description was illustrated by examples A through D.
