ABSTRACT
Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive?
Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own.
Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts:
- A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained
- Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R
- The theory of evidence factors
- Study design with evidence factors
A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
part I|64 pages
Background: Aspects of Causal Inference
part II|70 pages
Evidence Factors in Practice
part III|68 pages
Theory of Evidence Factors
part IV|22 pages
Aspects of Design