ABSTRACT
Forests are an integral part of natural ecosystems, providing numerous ecological, economic, social, and cultural services (Boyd et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015a). For example, they store approximately 45% of terrestrial carbon (C) and remain as a large net C sink by capturing one-quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) each year (Bonan 2008; Pan et al. 2011). However, environmental change (e.g., severe drought) and global trade have increased forest vulnerability to a range of natural disturbances, including diseases and insects (Asner 2013; Boyd et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2008; Wingfield et al. 2015). Forest diseases are caused by pathogens that are infectious and transmissible, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and helminths. Insects attack different parts of the tree, with defoliators feeding on leaves or needles, and
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................145 8.2 Trends of Remotely Detecting Forest Disease and Insect Outbreaks ..........147 8.3 Remote Sensing Characteristics and Qualifications .....................................149
